END NOTES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. ‘Over half of the 74 recorded protests in the country since 2018 have been related to land and property’ according to the protest tracker of Oxus Society, 11 May 2022, available online: https://oxussociety.org/ mapping-patterns-of-dissent-in-eurasia-introducing-the-central-asiaprotest-tracker/; see also Khajbakhteev, R. (2021) ‘How Uzbekistan’s rampant development is prompting a grassroots rebellion’, Open Democracy, 28 September, available online: https://www. opendemocracy.net/en/odr/how-uzbekistans-rampant-developmentis-prompting-a-grassroots-rebellion Under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-Based Evictions and Displacement: Annex 1 of the Report of the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, A/HRC/4/18. Available online: https://www.ohchr. org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Housing/Guidelines_en.pdf Green, P. and Ward, T. (2004) State Crime. London: Pluto Press. Small and medium-sized business are also impacted by these illicit state actions; see, for example, Lasslett, K. and Matyakubova, D. (2021) ‘Amid Tashkent’s Rapid Redevelopment, this Factory Cries Foul over Demolition’, Open Democracy, 24 March. Available online: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/amid-tashkents-rapidredevelopment-a-wheelchair-factory-cries-foul-over-demolition/ As case studies four and five indicate (see 2.3), these formal measures can be preceded by informal coercive activity. Mirziyoyev, S. (2021) ‘The New Development Strategy of Uzbekistan’. Available online: https://president.uz/en/lists/view/4743 Article 65, Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Available online: https://lex.uz/docs/6445147 Prior to constitutional amendments in 2023, a similar stipulation was contained in Article 53 of the constitution, which states: ‘The economy of Uzbekistan, evolving towards market relations, is based on various forms of ownership. The state shall guarantee freedom of economic activity, entrepreneurship and labour with due regard for the priority of consumers’ rights, as well as equality and legal protection of all forms of ownership. Private property, along with the other types of property, shall be inviolable and protected by the state. An owner may be deprived of his property solely in the cases and in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law.’ See https://lex.uz/docs/4032775 Law on Protection of Private Property and Guarantees of Owners’ Rights (2012), Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, no.336. Available online: https://lex.uz/docs/2055683 Ibid. Law on Property (1990), Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan, no.152–XII. Available online: https://lex.uz/docs/111455 Housing Code (1999), Republic of Uzbekistan. Available online: https://lex.uz/docs/106134 A False Sense of Legality 65